4.3. Dataclass Define Special¶

4.3.1. Literal Field¶

>>> from dataclasses import dataclass, field
>>> from typing import Literal
>>>
>>>
>>> @dataclass
... class Astronaut:
...     firstname: str
...     lastname: str
...     agency: Literal['NASA', 'ESA', 'POLSA']

4.3.2. Union Fields¶

>>> from dataclasses import dataclass
>>>
>>>
>>> @dataclass
... class Astronaut:
...     firstname: str
...     lastname: str
...     age: int | float

4.3.3. Optional Fields¶

>>> from dataclasses import dataclass
>>>
>>>
>>> @dataclass
... class Astronaut:
...     firstname: str
...     lastname: str
...     agency: str | None = None

4.3.4. Final Fields¶

In Python there is no constants

>>> from dataclasses import dataclass
>>> from typing import Final
>>>
>>>
>>> @dataclass
... class Astronaut:
...     firstname: Final[str]
...     lastname: Final[str]
...     age: int

4.3.5. ClassVar Fields¶

from typing import ClassVar
Defines static field

One of two places where dataclass() actually inspects the type of a field is to determine if a field is a class variable as defined in PEP 526. It does this by checking if the type of the field is typing.ClassVar. If a field is a ClassVar, it is excluded from consideration as a field and is ignored by the dataclass mechanisms. Such ClassVar pseudo-fields are not returned by the module-level fields() function.

>>> from typing import ClassVar

>>> @dataclass
... class Astronaut:
...     fullname: str
...     firstname: str
...     age: int
...     AGE_MIN: ClassVar[int] = 30
...     AGE_MAX: ClassVar[int] = 50

4.3.6. Keyword Arguments Only¶

Since Python 3.10
from dataclasses import KW_ONLY

Any fields after a pseudo-field with the type of KW_ONLY are marked as keyword-only fields. Note that a pseudo-field of type KW_ONLY is otherwise completely ignored. This includes the name of such a field. By convention, a name of _ is used for a KW_ONLY field.

>>> from dataclasses import dataclass, KW_ONLY
>>>
>>>
>>> @dataclass
... class Astronaut:
...     firstname: str
...     lastname: str
...     _: KW_ONLY
...     age: int
...     height: float
...     weight: float